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jineteras et pingueros : le tourisme sexuel à Cuba

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On le sait Cuba fait maintenant partie des destinations phares pour les célibataires (hommes et femmes) à la recherche d’aventures, le plus souvent payantes. La police a beau se montrer de plus en plus sévère avec les “jineteras”, le phénomène réapparait dès que la pression se relache un peu.

Pour le gouvernement c’est évidemment gênant de constater qu’il existe à Cuba, comme dans les autres pays pauvres d’Amérique Latine, des filles obligées de se prostituer pour survivre. Ca ne colle pas trop avec le “socialisme heroique” etc…



Certes la prostitution n’a pas été inventée par Castro : elle existait déjà beaucoup sous Batista quand on disait “Cuba, bordel de l’Amérique”. Cette phrase maintes fois reproduite et un cliché qui n’a pas vraiment de fondement historique : le nombre de touristes américains sous Batista oscillait entre 250 et 300 000 par an. On est loin des hordes de touristes européens (près de 2 millions en 2004).



Par conséquent si Cuba a jamais été un bordel, c’est aujourd’hui, bien plus que sous Batista. Pendant les années 1990 (de 1992 à 1995 en particulier), la prostitution était légale à Cuba, et les hotels de l’Etat cubain accueillaient sans sourciller les touristes “accompagnés” , moyennant un supplément qui allait directement dans les caisses de Castro : il y a eu, à cette époque un véritable proxénétisme d’Etat cubain, bien plus étendu que sous Batista.



Mais il semble que lorsque le “client” est allemand, français ou espagnol, et sous Castro, c’est beaucoup moins grave que si il est américain et sous Batista.



Aujourd’hui les Européens, les Canadiens et les Mexicains ont remplacé les Américains, mais le dollar fait toujours la loi sur les trottoirs de La Havane. Les cubains les appellent les “jineteras” (écuyères en espagnol) ou les “pingueros” (qui est à la “pinga” ce que le machetero est à la macheta) : de jeunes Cubaines et Cubains qui arpentent les alentours des hôtels à la recherche d’un touriste aux poches remplies de devises convertibles.



Après avoir pratiqué pendant plusieurs années la politique de l’autruche le pouvoir tente aujourd’hui de reprendre les choses en main. Mais il paye au prix fort le laxisme des années précédentes qui a conduit au développement d’un tourisme bas de gamme : le pouvoir a tardé à interdire l’accès des prostituées aux hôtels jusqu’en 1995 et à démanteler les réseaux de proxénètes qui travaillaient avec des agences de voyages.


Certes la perspective de gagner en une soirée le salaire de plusieurs mois continue à attirer beaucoup de cubaines (à Cuba le salaire mensuel et de 8 euros en moyenne, soit 5 centimes de l’heure environ) et de cubains vers le tourisme, mais la police procède désormais régulièrement à des rafles de grande envergure et embarque sans ménagement les suspects, réels ou supposés, en plein milieu des quartiers touristiques.



Cuba a reconnu pour la première fois en 1999 l’existence d’une prostitution massive dans les rues de la Havane.



Plusieurs milliers (au moins 7000 selon les chiffres officiels en 1998) de jeunes filles ont été arrêtées et détenues au “centre de réception et classification de la Havane”. La majorité originaires des provinces de l’île ont été réexpédiés manu militari dans leur foyer avec une “carta de advertencia” (avertissement sans frais) les plus récalcitrantes écopant d’un séjour dans une des prisons géantes des environs de La Havane ou dans un centre d’activité et de “rééducation à la campagne” véritables camps de travaux forcés.



Des entreprises de promotion touristique ont aussi été sanctionnée pour avoir un peu trop axé leurs campagnes de promotions sur les charmes des jeunes cubaines.


Par bien des cotés le jineterisme est une sorte paradigme de la société Cubaine des années 90 qui a décidé de vivre du tourisme et de l’argent des étrangers, autrefois vilipendé par le pouvoir.



Le jineterisme, qui peut aller jusqu’au mariage avec un étranger pour pouvoir quitter le territoire, contient en lui même une forme de contestation de l’ordre socialiste : ceux qui le pratiquent vivent souvent en marge de la société et leur “travail” met au grand jour le phénomène de la “pyramide inversée”.

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L’organisation internationale contre la torture lance une “intervention d’urgence” pour José Daniel Ferrer

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José Daniel Ferrer

MIAMI, États-Unis.- L’Observatoire pour la protection des défenseurs des droits humains (OPDDH), a lancé ce vendredi une campagne d'”Interventions urgentes” en faveur du prisonnier politique et de conscience cubain José Daniel Ferrer García, leader de l’Union patriotique de Cuba (UNPACU), selon une note de Radio Televisión Martí.

(suite…)

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Who Is Filling Cuba’s University Classrooms?

New students at the University of Havana (14ymedio) Born during the Special Period, they have grown up trapped in the dual currency system, and when they get their degrees Raul Castro will no longer be in power. They are the more than 100,000 young people just starting college throughout the country. Their brief biographies include educational experiments, battles of ideas, and the emergence of new technologies They know more about X-Men than about Elpidio Valdés, and only remember Fidel Castro from old photos and archived documentaries. They are the Wi-Fi kids with their pirate networks, raised with the “packets” of copied shows and illegal satellite dishes

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New students at the University of Havana (14ymedio)

Born during the Special Period, they have grown up trapped in the dual currency system, and when they get their degrees Raul Castro will no longer be in power. They are the more than 100,000 young people just starting college throughout the country. Their brief biographies include educational experiments, battles of ideas, and the emergence of new technologies They know more about X-Men than about Elpidio Valdés, and only remember Fidel Castro from old photos and archived documentaries.

They are the Wi-Fi kids with their pirate networks, raised with the “packets” of copied shows and illegal satellite dishes. Some nights they would connect through routers and play strategy video games that made them feel powerful and free. Whoever wants to know them should know that they’ve had “emerging teachers” since elementary school and were taught grammar, math and ideology via television screens. However, they ended up being the least ideological of the Cubans who today inhabit this Island, the most cosmopolitan and with the greatest vision of the future.

On arriving at junior high school they played at throwing around around the obligatory snack of bread while their parents furtively passed their lunches through the school gate. They have a special physical ability, an adaptation that has allowed them to survive the environment; they don’t hear what doesn’t interest them, they close their ears to the harangues of morning assemblies and politicians. They seem lazier than other generations and in reality they are, but in their case this apathy acts like an evolutionary advantage. They’re better than us and will live in a country that has nothing to do with what we were promised.

A few months ago, these same young people, starred in the best known case of school fraud uncovered publicly. Some of those hoping to earn a place in higher education bought the answers to an admissions test. They were used to paying for approval, because they had to turn to private tutors to teach them what they should have learned in the classroom. Many of those who recently enrolled in the university had private teachers starting in elementary school. They are the children of a new emerging class that has used its resources so that their children can reach a desk at the right hand — or the left — of the alma mater.

These young people dressed in uniforms in their earlier grades, but they struggled to differentiate themselves through the length of a shirt, a fringe of bleached hair, or through pants sagging below their hips. They are the children of those who barely had a change of underwear in the nineties, so their parents tried to make sure they didn’t “go through the same thing,” and turned to the black market for their clothes and shoes. They mock the false austerity and, not wanting to look like militants, they love bright shiny colors and name brand outfits.

Yesterday, with the start of the school year, they received a lecture about the attempts of “imperialism to undermine the revolution through its youth.” It was like a faint drizzle running over an impervious surface. The government is right to be worried; these young people who have entered the university will never become good soldiers or fanatics. The clay from which they are made cannot be molded.

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Who Is Filling Cuba’s University Classrooms?

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A Caricature of a Cuban Woman

Woman drinking (14ymedio) 14yMEDIO, Yoani Sanchez, Havana, 22 August 2014 — A woman on national television said that her husband “helps” her with some household chores. To many, the phrase may sound like the highest aspiration of every woman. Another lady asserts that her husband behaves like a “Federated man,” an allusion to the Federation of Cuban Women (FMC), which today is celebrating its 54th anniversary. As for me, on this side of the screen, I feel sorry for them in the face of such meekness

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Woman drinking (14ymedio)

Woman drinking (14ymedio)

14yMEDIO, Yoani Sanchez, Havana, 22 August 2014 — A woman on national television said that her husband “helps” her with some household chores. To many, the phrase may sound like the highest aspiration of every woman. Another lady asserts that her husband behaves like a “Federated man,” an allusion to the Federation of Cuban Women (FMC), which today is celebrating its 54th anniversary. As for me, on this side of the screen, I feel sorry for them in the face of such meekness. Instead of the urgent demands they should mention, all I hear is this appreciation directed to a power as manly as it is deaf.

It’s not about “helping” to wash a plate or watch the kids, nor tiny illusory gender quotas that hide so much discrimination like a slap. The problem is that economic and political power remains mainly in masculine hands. What percentage of car owners are women? How many acres of land are owned or leased by women. How many Cuban ambassadors on missions abroad wear skirts? Can anyone recite the number of men who request paternity leave to take care of their newborns? How many young men are stopped by the police each day to warn them they can’t walk with a tourist? Who mostly attends the parent meetings at the schools?

Please, don’t try to “put us to sleep” with figures in the style of, “65 percent of our cadres and 50 percent of our grassroots leaders are women.” The only thing this statistic means is that more responsibility falls on our shoulders, which means neither a high decision-making level nor greater rights. At least such a triumphalist phrase clarifies that there are “grassroots leaders,” because we know that decisions at the highest level are made by men who grew up under the precepts that we women are beautiful ornaments to have at hand… always and as long as we keep our mouths shut.

I feel sorry for the docile and timid feminist movement that exists in my country. Ashamed for those ladies with their ridiculous necklaces and abundant makeup who appear in the official media to tell us that “the Cuban woman has been the greatest ally of the Revolution.” Words spoken at the same moment when a company director is sexually harassing his secretary, when a beaten woman can’t get a restraining order against her abusive husband, when a policeman tells the victim of a sexual assault, “Well, with that skirt you’re wearing…” and the government recruits shock troops for an act of repudiation against the Ladies in White.

Women are the sector of the population that has the most reason to shout their displeasure. Because half a century after the founding of the caricature of an organization that is the Federation of Cuban Women, we are neither more free, nor more powerful, nor even more independent.

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A Caricature of a Cuban Woman

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